Demographic and Health Survey 1999

Nigeria, 1999

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NGA_1999_DHS_v01_M

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National Population Commission

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Dec 20, 2012

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The data from this study are used in the following publications:

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1 Girls, HIV/AIDS and education. : UNICEF, 2004.

2 United Nations. "Levels and trends of contraceptive use as assessed in 2002." 2006.

3 Population bulletin of the United Nations : Completing the fertility transition. New York, USA: United Nations Publications, 2009.

4 Rolling Back Malaria: The World Bank Global Strategy & Booster Program. : World Bank Publications, 2005.

5 World malaria report 2005. : Roll Back Malaria World Health Organization UNICE, 2005.

6 World population monitoring 2003: Population, education and development. New York, USA: UN, 2004.

7 AbouZahr, Carla, and Tessa Wardlaw. "Maternal mortality at the end of a decade: Signs of progress?." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79, no. 6 (2001): 561-568.

8 Adebayo, Fahrmeir. "Analysing child mortality in Nigeria with geoadditive discrete-time survival models." Statistics in medicine 24, no. 5 (2005): 709-728.

9 Adebayo B, Samson. "Bayesian geoadditive modelling of breastfeeding initiation in Nigeria." Journal of Applied Econometrics 19, no. 2 (2004): 267-281.

10 Adegboye, Oyelola, and Danelle Kotze. "Is poverty a determinant of educational attainment? Perspectives from Africa." (2011)

11 Adekoya, Dorcas O, and Gbolahan Oni. "Differentials in Risk of Neonatal Mortality among children of young mothers in Nigeria: Empirical Evidence from NDHS 2013." (2016) 3rd International Conference on African Development Issues.

12 Adinma, ED. "Role of reproductive health commodity security on maternal and child health care in the West African Sub-Region." Afrimedic Journal 2, no. 1 (2013): 1-7.

13 Ainsworth, Martha, and Deon Filmer. "Poverty, AIDS, and children's schooling: A targeting dilemma." (2002) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

14 Ajakaiye, Olu, Afeikhena T Jerome, Olanrewaju Olaniyan, Kristi Mahrt, and Olufunke A Alaba. "Multidimensional poverty in Nigeria: First order dominance approach." WIDER Working Paper 2014, no. 143 (2014).

15 Akachi, Yoko, and David Canning. "The height of women in Sub-Saharan Africa: The role of health, nutrition, and income in childhood." Annals of Human Biology 34, no. 4 (2007): 397-410.

16 Alo, Olubunmi Akinsanya, and Babatunde Gbadebo. "Intergenerational attitude change regarding female genital cutting in a Yoruba-Speaking ethnic group of Southwest Nigeria." (2011) Journal of Women's Health.

17 Alo, Olubunmi A, and Gbadebo Babatunde. "Intergenerational attitude change regarding Female Genital Cutting in Yoruba speaking ethnic group of Southwest Nigeria: A qualitative and quantitative enquiry." (2011) Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality.

18 Amodu, Oluwakemi Christiana. "Obstetric Fistula Policy in Nigeria: A Critical Discourse Analysis." Master of Nursing, University of Alberta, 2016.

19 Anderson G, Kermyt. "Life expectancy and the timing of life history events in developing countries." Human Nature 21, no. 2 (2010): 103-123.

20 Antai, Diddy, and Tahereh Moradi. "Urban area disadvantage and under-5 mortality in Nigeria: The effect of rapid urbanization." Environmental health perspectives 118, no. 6 (2010): 877.

21 ARE,. World population monitoring 2002: Reproductive rights and reproductive health. New York, USA: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division , 2004.

22 Aromolaran B, Adebayo. "Female schooling, non-market productivity, and labor market participation in Nigeria." (2004) Center discussion paper no. 879.

23 Artadi V, Elsa. "Going into Labor: Earnings vs. Infant Survival in Rural Africa." (2005) Mimeograph, Bocconi University.

24 Ashford, Lori. Unmet need for family planning: Recent trends and their implications for programs. Washington DC, USA: Population Reference Bureau , 2003.

25 Atolagbe, Afolabi Sulaimon. "Beyond adolescents: The study of sexual behaviour of middle-aged men in Nigeria." Master of Arts , 2008.

26 Bado, Aristide R, Sathiya A Susuman, and Eric I Nebie. "Trends and risk factors for childhood diarrhea in sub-Saharan countries (1990-2013): assessing the neighborhood inequalities." (2016) Global health action.

27 Baird, Sarah, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Aggregate income shocks and infant mortality in the developing world." (2007) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

28 Banerjee, Sudeshna Ghosh, and Elvira Morella. Africa's Water and Sanitation Infrastructure: Access, Affordability, and Alternatives. Washington DC, USA: World Bank Publications, 2011.

29 Banerjee, Sudeshna, Quentin Wodon, Amadou Diallo, Taras Pushak, Elal Uddin, Clarence Tsimpo, and Vivien Foster. Access, affordability, and alternatives: modern infrastructure services in Africa. : World Bank, 2008.

30 Banerjee, Sudeshna G, Amadou B Diallo, Vivien Foster, and Quentin T Wodon. "Trends in household coverage of modern infrastructure services in Africa." (2009) World Bank Working Paper Series.

31 Bankole, Akinrinola, and Susheela Singh. "Men and condom use for dual protection in Sub-Saharan Africa." International Union for the Scientific Study of Population General Conference 2001. Salvador, Brazil, August, 2001.

32 Bankole, Akinrola, Gilda Sedgh, Boniface Oye-Adeniran, Isaac Adewole, Rubina Hussain, and Susheela Singh. "Abortion-seeking behaviour among Nigerian women." Journal of Biosocial Science 40, no. 2 (2008): 247-268.

33 Barbieri, Magali, and Véronique Hertrich. "Age difference between spouses and contraceptive practice in sub-Saharan Africa." Population (english edition) 60, no. 5 (2005): 617-654.

34 Basu, Deepankar. "Essays on dynamic nonlinear time series models and on gender inequality." The Ohio State University, 2008.

35 Basu, Deepankar, and Robert de Jong. "Son preference and gender inequality." South and South East Asia Econometric Society Meeting. Chennai, India, October 30, 2007.

36 Bennell, Paul, Karin Hyde, and Nicola Swainson. "The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the education sector in sub-Saharan Africa." (2002) Sussex, Centre for International Education, University of Sussex.

37 Bhalotra, Sonia, and Marcela Umana-Aponte. "Women. s Labour Supply and Household Insurance in Africa." (2012)

38 Blanc, Ann K, and Tessa Wardlaw. "Monitoring low birth weight: an evaluation of international estimates and an updated estimation procedure." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83, no. 3 (2005): 178-185d.

39 Block, Steven A, William A Masters, and Priya Bhagowalia. "Child undernutrition, household poverty and national income in developing countries: Quantile regression results." Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 2010: AAEA,CAES, & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting. Denver, Colorado, USA, July 25-27, 2010.

40 Bloom, David, Elizabeth Cafiero, Mark McGovern, Klaus Prettner, Anderson Stanciole, Jonathan Weiss, Samuel Bakkila, and Larry Rosenberg. "The economic impact of non-communicable disease in China and India: Estimates, projections, and comparisons." (2013) IZA DP No. 7563.

41 Bloom, David, David Canning, Isabel Guenther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Mortality Expectations and Fertility Decisions." (2008) Harvar School of Public Heath, 140 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, MA.

42 Bloom, David E, David Canning, Isabel Gunther, and Sebastian Linnemayr. "Social interactions and fertility in developing countries." (2008) Program on the Global Demography of Aging (PGDA) Working Series.

43 Bongaarts, John. "The causes of stalling fertility transitions." (2005) Policy Research Division Working Paper.

44 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "There are children not receiving a single dose of any vaccine: from ‘data to policy’in immunisation and health systems. Data quality and socio-economic determinants of unvaccination in low-and middle-income countries." AMC-University van Amsterdam, 2012.

45 Bosch-Capblanch, Xavier, K Banerjee, and A Burton. "Unvaccinated children in years of increasing coverage: how many and who are they? Evidence from 96 low-and middle-income countries." Tropical Medicine & International Health 17, no. 6 (2012): 697-710.

46 Boschi-Pinto, Cynthia, Rajiv Bahl, and José Martines. "Limited progress in increasing coverage of neonatal and child-health interventions in Africa and Asia." Journal of health, population, and nutrition 27, no. 6 (2009): 755-762.

47 Bozon, Michel. "At what age do women and men have their first sexual intercourse? World comparisons and recent trends." (2003) Population and Societies .

48 Brown, Jennifer, Roeland Monasch, George Bicego, Anthony Burton, and J. Ties Boerma. "An assessment of the quality of national child immunization coverage estimates in population-based surveys." (2002) MEASURE Evaluation Project.

49 Bruce, Judith, and Erica Chong. The diverse universe of adolescents, and the girls and boys left behind: A note on research, program and policy priorities (Background paper to Public choices, private decisions: Sexual and reproductive health and the Millennium Development Goals). New York, USA: UN Millennium Project, 2006.

50 Caceres-Delpiano, Julio. "Impacts of family size on the family as a whole: Evidence from the developing world." The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 12, no. 1 (2012).

51 Caceres-Delpiano, Julio. "Is there a cost associated with an increase in family size beyond child investment? Evidence from developing countries." (2011) Banco de Espana Working Papers.

52 Caceres-Delpiano, Julio. "Keeping the best for last: Impact of fertility on mother's employment: Evidence from developing countries." (2008) Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Working Papers.

53 Carael, M., E. Slaymaker, R. Lyerla, and S. Sarkar. "Clients of sex workers in different regions of the world: hard to count." Sexually Transmitted Infections 82, no. suppl 3 (2006): iii26-iii33.

54 Clarke, George R, and Scott J Walsten. "Universal (ly Bad) Service." (2002)

55 Cleland, John, and Mohamed Ali. "Santé de la reproduction au Nord et au Sud." (2009) The Use of Demographic and Health Surveys to Monitor The Sexual and Reproductive Behaviour of Single Women .

56 Cleland, John, and Mohamed Ali. "Santé de la reproduction au Nord et au Sud." (2009) Monitor the Sexual and Reproductive Behaviour of Single Women.

57 Cleland, John G, Robert P Ndugwa, and Eliya M Zulu. "Family planning in sub-Saharan Africa: Progress or stagnation?." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 89, no. 2 (2010): 137-143.

58 Collin, S M, T Marshall, and V Filippi. "Caesarean section and subsequent fertility in sub-Saharan Africa." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 113, no. 3 (2006): 276-283.

59 Cornia, Giovanni A, and Leonardo Menchini. "Health improvements and health inequality during the last 40 years." (2006) Research Paper No. 2006/10 .

60 Corsi, Daniel, Melissa Neuman, Jocelyn Finlay, and S V Subramanian. "Demographic and health surveys: a profile." International journal of epidemiology 41, no. 6 (2012): 1602-1613.

61 Deaton, Angus. "Height, health, and development." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 33 (2007).

62 Deininger, Klaus, and Paul Mpuga. "Economic and welfare effects of the abolition of health user fees: evidence from Uganda." World Bank policy research working paper , no. 3276 (2004).

63 Diallo B, Amadou. "Four essays on the links between poverty, inequality and heath with empircal application to developing countries: Africa compared to the rest of the world." Docteur ès Sciences Economiques, Université d’Auvergne, 2009.

64 Dixon-Mueller, Ruth. "How young is “too young”? Comparative perspectives on adolescent sexual, marital, and reproductive transitions." Studies in Family Planning 39, no. 4 (2008): 247-262.

65 Dlamini, Siphosenkhosi Nathaniel. "The relationship between single mothering and adolescents’ sexual behaviour in black families in urban South Africa: a retrospective analysis of the Birth to Twenty cohort." Doctor of Philosophy, University of Witwatersrand, 2015.

66 Doskoch, Peter. "Contraceptive use is rising faster in Eastern than Western Africa." International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 37, no. 1 (2011): 49-50.

67 Eastwood, Robert, and Michael Lipton. "Demographic transition in Sub Saharan Africa: accounting and economics." Fourth annual conference on Population, Reproductive Health, and Economic Development. Cape Town, South Africa, 2010.

68 Eloundou-Enyegue, Parfait M, and C. Shannon Stokes. "Teen fertility and gender inequality in education: A contextual hypothesis." Demographic Research 11, no. 11 (2004): 305-334.

69 Eloundou-Enyegue, Parfait M, J M Stycos, and Fatou Jah. "Integrating Education and Population Policy: The Gender-Equity Payoffs of Reducing Pregnancy-Related Dropouts." (2004) Strategies for Analysis and Growth in Africa Working Paper.

70 Estache, Antonio, and Ana Goicoechea. "A 'Research' Database on Infrastructure Economic Performance." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper , no. 3643 (2005).

71 Evans, David. "The spillover impacts of Africa’s orphan crisis." (2005) Unpublished manuscript. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.

72 Ezeh, Osita Kingsley, Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, Michael John Dibley, John Hall, and Andrew Nicholas Page. "Determinants of neonatal mortality in Nigeria: evidence from the 2008 demographic and health survey." BMC Public Health 14, no. 1 (2014).

73 Ezzati, Majid, Alan D Lopez, Anthonry Rodgers, and Christopher L Murray. Comparative quantification of health risks: Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2004.

74 Filmer, Deon. "Fever and its treatment among the more and less poor in sub-Saharan Africa." Health policy and planning 20, no. 6 (2005): 337-346.

75 Filmer, Deon. "If you build it, will they come? School availability and school enrollment in 21 poor countries." (2004) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

76 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert Schady. "Development, modernization, and childbearing: the role of family sex composition." The World Bank Economic Review 23, no. 3 (2009): 371-3.

77 Filmer, Deon, Jed Friedman, and Norbert R Schady. "Development, modernization, and son preference in fertility decisions." (2008) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

78 Fink, Gunther, Isabel Gunther, and Kenneth Hill. "Urban Mortality Transitions: The Role of Slums." (2011) International Union for the Scientific Study of Population.

79 Fink, Gunther, Isabel Gunther, and Kenneth Hill. Water, sanitation and child health - Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys 1986-2007. 2010.

80 Fjelde, Hanna, and Gudrun Ostby. "Economic inequality and non-state conflicts in Africa." APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper . Washington, DC, 2010.

81 Forsberg, Birger C, Max G Petzold, Goran Tomson, and Peter Allebeck. "Diarrhoea case management in low-and middle-income countries: an unfinished agenda." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, no. 1 (2007): 42-48.

82 Fotso, Jean C, James O Ajayi, Elizabeth E Idoko, Ilene Speizer, David A Fasiku, Blessing Mberu, and Michael Mutua. "Family planning and reproductive health in urban Nigeria: Levels, trends and differentials." (2011) Measurement, Learning & Evaluation Project for the Urban Reproductive Health Initiative.

83 Freymeyer, Robert H, and Barbara E Johnson. "An exploration of attitudes toward female genital cutting in Nigeria." Population Research and Policy Review 26, no. 1 (2007): 69-83.

84 Friedman, Jed, and Norbert Schady. "How many more infants are likely to die In Africa as a result of the global financial crisis?." Research Working papers 1, no. 1 (2009): 1-18.

85 Gakidou, Emmanuela, Margaret Hogan, and Alan D Lopez. "Adult mortality: time for a reappraisal." International Journal of Epidemiology 33, no. 4 (2004): 710-717.

86 Gakidou, Emmanuela, and Gary King. "Death by survey: estimating adult mortality without selection bias from sibling survival data." Demography 43, no. 3 (2006): 569-585.

87 Garenne, Michel. "Age at marriage and modernisation in sub-Saharan Africa." Southern African Journal of Demography 9, no. 2 (2004): 59-79.

88 Garenne, Michel. "Migration, urbanisation and child health in Africa: a global perspective." Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective. Johannesburg, South Africa, June 4-7, 2003.

89 Garenne, Michel. "Poisson variations of the sex ratio at birth in African Demographic Surveys." Human Biology 80, no. 5 (2008): 473-482.

90 Garenne, Michel, and Julien Zwang. "Premarital fertility and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa." African Journal of Reproductive Health 12, no. 2 (2008): 64-74.

91 Garenne, Michel, and Sophie Hohmann. "Health and wealth in Uzbekistan in a comparative perspective." International Seminar on Vulnerable Populations: Definitions, Categories and Empirical Analysis . Paris, France, July 15-16, 2005.

92 Garenne, Michel, and Veronique Joseph. "The timing of the fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa." World Development 30, no. 10 (2002): 1835-1843.

93 Garenne L, Michel. "Testing for fertility stalls in demographic and health surveys." Population Health Metrics 9, no. 59 (2011): 18.

94 Garenne M, Michel. "Fertility changes in sub-Saharan Africa." (2008) DHS Comparative Reports.

95 Garrett, James L, and Marie T Ruel. "Stunted child-overweight mother pairs: Prevalence and association with economic development and urbanization." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 26, no. 2 (2005): 209-221.

96 Glick, Peter, and David E Sahn. "Changes in HIV/AIDS knowledge and testing behavior in Africa: how much and for whom?." Journal of Population Economics 20, no. 2 (2007): 383-422.

97 Glick, Peter J, and David E Sahn. "Are Africans practicing safer sex? Evidence from demographic and health surveys for eight countries." Economic Development and Cultural Change 56, no. 2 (2008): 397-440.

98 Go, Delfin, Denis Nikitin, Xiongjian Wang, and Heng-fu Zou. "Poverty and inequality in sub-Saharan Africa: Literature survey and empirical assessment." Annals of Economics and Finance 8, no. 2 (2007): 251-304.

99 Gordon, David, Michelle Irving, Shailen Nandy, and Peter Townsend. "Multidimensional measures of child poverty." (2005) Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research Draft Conference Paper.

100 Grigoriou, Christopher, and Patrick Guillaumont. "Child mortality reacts to relative prices." (2011) CERDI Etudes et Documents.

101 Gunther, Isabel, and Gunther Fink. "Water, sanitation and children's health: evidence from 172 DHS surveys." (2010) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.

102 Haberland, Nicole, Erica Chong, and Hilary Bracken. "Married adolescents: an overview." WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents. Geneva, December, 2003.

103 Hall, Sarah. "Neonatal mortality in developing countries: What can we learn from DHS data?." (2005) Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute Applications & Policy Working Paper.

104 Harttgen, Kenneth, Stephan Klasen, and Sebastian Vollmer. "An African growth miracle? Or: what do asset indices tell us about trends in economic performance?." (2011) International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.

105 Heaton, Tim B, Renata Forste, John P Hoffmann, and Dallan Flake. "Cross-national variation in family influences on child health." Social science & medicine 60, no. 1 (2005): 97-108.

106 Henshaw, S.K., I.F. Adewole, S. Singh, A. Bankole, B.A. Oye-Adeniran, R. Hussain, and G. Sedgh. "Characteristics of women seeking abortion services and post-abortion care in Nigerian hospitals." XXV International Population Conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. Tours, France, 2005.

107 Hilber, Adriane M, Xavier Bosch-Capblanch, Christian Schindler, Lise Beck, Florence Sécula, Oran McKenzie, Sara Gari, Christina Stuckli, and Sonja Merten. Gender and immunisation. Basel, Switzerland: Swiss Centre for International Health, 2010.

108 Hill, Kenneth, and Yoonjoung Choi. "Neonatal mortality in the developing world." Demographic Research 14, no. 18 (2006): 429-452.

109 Hohmann, Sophie, and Michel Garenne. "Health and wealth in Uzbekistan and sub-Saharan Africa in comparative perspective." Economics & Human Biology 8, no. 3 (2010): 346 -360.

110 Hotchkiss, David R, Deepali Godha, and Mai Do. "Effect of an expansion in private sector provision of contraceptive supplies on horizontal inequity in modern contraceptive use: evidence from Africa and Asia." International Journal for Equity in Health 10, no. 33 (2011): 1-11.

111 Hyslop E, Ani. "Missed opportunities for perinatal HIV prevention among HIV-exposed infants born 1996-2000, pediatric spectrum of HIV Disease Cohort." Pediatrics 114, no. 1 (2004): 328.

112 Ibeh, Christian C, and Patricia U Okpala. "Maternal deaths where do they occur? A survey of health facilities in Abia state, south east Nigeria." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 3, no. 3 (2012): p139.

113 Ibisomi, Latifat, and Clifford Odimegwu. "Pregnancy termination in sub-Saharan Africa: the need for refined data." International Journal of Health Research 1, no. 4 (2010): 207-224.

114 Isiugo-Abanihe, Uche, and Kola Oyediran. Household socioeconomic status and sexual behaviour among Nigerian female youth. 2004.

115 Jamison, Dean T, Richard G Feachem, Malegapuru W Makgoba, Eduard R Bos, Florence K Baingana, Karen J Hofman, and Khama O Rogo. Disease and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington: World Bank Publications, 2006.

116 Johansson, Emily White, R.E. Cibulskis, and Richard E Steketee. "Malaria funding & resource uilization: the first decade of roll back malaria." (2010)

117 Johnson-Hanks, Jennifer. "Natural intentions: fertility decline in the African demographic and health surveys." American Journal of Sociology 112, no. 4 (2007): 1008.

118 Johnson-Hanks, Jennifer. "On the politics and practice of Muslim fertility." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 20, no. 1 (2006): 12-30.

119 Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem. "AIDS, reversal of the demographic transition and economic development: evidence from Africa." (2006) NBER Working Papers.

120 Kettani, Houssain. "Muslim population in Asia: 1950-2020." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 1, no. 2 (2010).

121 Kosec, Katrina. "Child health implications of water sector policies in Africa." (2009)

122 Kosec, Katrina. "The Child Health Implications of Privatizing Africa's Urban Water Supply." (2012)

123 Kosec, Katrina. The Child Health Implications of Privatizing the Urban Water Supply in Africa. : Standford University, 2011.

124 Kudamatsu, Masayuki. "Has Democratization Reduced Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from Micro Data." (2007) Stockholm University - Institute for International Economic Studies (IIES).

125 Kurosaki, Takashi, and Mika Ueyama. "Micro household surveys and development microeconomics: With special emphasis on child health and intrahousehold resource allocation in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia." JIRCAS International Workshop. Tsukuba, Japan, July 12-13, 2001.

126 Lamberti, Laura M, Christa L Walker, and Robert E Black. "Systematic review of diarrhea duration and severity in children and adults in low-and middle-income countries." (2012) BMC Public Health.

127 Larsen, U., and F. E Okonofua. "Female circumcision and obstetric complications." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 77, no. 3 (2002): 255-265.

128 Lauer, Jeremy A, Ana P Betrán, Cesar G Victora, Mercedes de Onis, and Aluísio J Barros. "Breastfeeding patterns and exposure to suboptimal breastfeeding among children in developing countries: review and analysis of nationally representative surveys." BMC medicine 2, no. 1 (2004): 26.

129 Lauro, Don. "Abortion and contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: How women plan their families." African Journal of Reproductive Health 15, no. 1 (2011): 13-24.

130 LeFevre, Joyce, Rebeca Quiroga, and Elaine Murphy. Reproductive health and rights-reaching the hardly reached. Article 14: Future options foreclosed: girls who marry early. Washington, DC, USA: Program for Appropriate Technology in Health , 2002.

131 Legg, Christopher. "A spatial analysis of child nutrition in West Africa." (2008)

132 Limwattananon, Supon, Viroj Tangcharoensathien, and Supakit Sirilak. "Trends and inequities in where women delivered their babies in 25 low-income countries: evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys." Reproductive Health Matters 19, no. 37 (2011): 75-85.

133 Lloyd, Cynthia, and Paul Hewett. Educational inequalities in the midst of widespread poverty; diversity across Africa in primary school completion. 2007.

134 Lloyd B, Cynthia. Schooling and adolescent reproductive behavior in developing countries. : Millennium Project, 2006.

135 Lloyd, Cynthia B, Carol E Kaufman, and Paul Hewett. "The Spread of Primary Schooling in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Fertility Change." Population and Development Review 26, no. 3 (2000): 483-515.

136 Lloyd, Cynthia B, and Barbara S Mensch. "Marriage and childbirth as factors in school exit: An analysis of DHS data from sub-Saharan Africa." Population Council Policy Research Division , no. 219 (2006).

137 Locoh, Therese. "Completing the fertility transition." (2009) Family structure and fertility trends in intermediate-fertility countries in West Africa.

138 Locoh, Therese, and Myriam Mouvagha-Sow. "An uncertain future for African families." (2007) International Family Change: Ideational Perspectives.

139 Machiyama, Kazuyo. "A re-examination of recent fertility declines in sub-Saharan Africa." (2010) DHS Working Papers.

140 Machiyama, Kazuyo, Richard Silverwood, Andy Sloggett, and John Cleland. "Recent fertility declines in sub-Saharan Africa: Analysis of country trends of fertility decline." 2010 Quetelet Seminar. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, November 24-26, 2010.

141 Madise, Nyovani, Zoe Matthews, and Alison Whitworth. "A tale of two continents: Infant death clustering in India and sub-Saharan Africa." (2003) S 3 RI Applications Working Paper.

142 Magadi, Monica, Alfred Agwanda, Francis Obare, and Negussie Taffa. "Comparing maternal health indicators between teenagers and older women in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from DHS." (2003) S3RI Applications Working Paper.

143 Magadi, Monica A, Alfred O Agwanda, and Francis O Obare. "A comparative analysis of the use of maternal health services between teenagers and older mothers in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)." Social Science & Medicine 64, no. 6 (2007): 1311-1325.

144 Marcotullio, Peter J, and Gordon McGranahan. Scaling urban environmental challenges: From local to global and back. : Earthscan/James \& James, 2007.

145 Masters A, William. Agricultural biotechnology for West and Central Africa: a strategy document. : USAID Bureau for Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade Environment and Science Policy Program (EGAT/ESP), 2005.

146 Mathers, Colin D, Christina Bernard, Kim M Iburg, Mie Inoue, Doris Ma Fat, Kenji Shibuya, Claudia Stein, Niels Tomijima, and Hongyi Xu. "Global burden of disease in 2002: data sources, methods and results." (2003) Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper.

147 Mbah,. "Sexual behavior and the risks of HIV/AIDS and other STDs among young people in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review." Research Review 19, no. 1 (2003): 15-25.

148 Meekers, Dominique, and Ronan Van Rossem. "Explaining inconsistencies between data on condom use and condom sales." BMC health services research 5, no. 1 (2005): 5.

149 Meslé, France, and Jacques Vallin. "La transition sanitaire. Progrès et résistances en Afrique." (2004) Médecine, Sciences.

150 Mitsunaga, Tisha M, Ulla M Larsen, and Friday C Okonofua. "Risk factors for complications of induced abortions in Nigeria." Journal of Women's Health 14, no. 6 (2005): 515-528.

151 Monteiro, C A, W L Conde, B Lu, and B M Popkin. "Obesity and inequities in health in the developing world." International Journal of Obesity 28, no. 9 (2004): 1181-1186.

152 Montgomery, Mark R, and Paul C Hewett. "Urban poverty and health in developing countries: Household and neighborhood effects." Demography 42, no. 3 (2005): 397-425.

153 Moradi, Alexander. "The nutritional status of women in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1950-1980." (2006) Department of Economics, University of Oxford. National Research Council.

154 Moradi, Alexander, and Joerg Baten. "Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa 1950-80: new estimates and new results." World Development 33, no. 8 (2005): 1233-1265.

155 Morella, Elvira, Vivien Foster, and Sudeshna G Banerjee. "Climbing the ladder: The state of sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa." (2008)

156 Moultrie, Tom, Takudzwa Sayi, and Ian Timaeus. "Age and parity effects on birth intervals in the African fertility decline?." (2010) Population Studies.

157 Moultrie, Tom A, Takudzwa S Sayi, and Ian M Timaeus. "Birth intervals, postponement, and fertility decline in Africa: A new type of transition?." Population Studies 66, no. 3 (2012): 241-258.

158 Ncube, Mthuli, and Abebe Shimeles. "The making of the middle class in Africa." (2012)

159 Nubé, Maarten, and Benjamin GJS Sonneveld. "The geographical distribution of underweight children in Africa." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83, no. 10 (2005): 764-770.

160 Oduwole, M D, and C A Iyaniwura. "Female genital cutting among the Hausa community in Sagamu." Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care 17, no. 1 (2005): 28-32.

161 Okonofua, E, Larsen, F Oronsaye, Snow, and Slanger. "The association between female genital cutting and correlates of sexual and gynaecological morbidity in Edo State, Nigeria." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 109, no. 10 (2002): 1089-1096.

162 Okwori, Esther. "Relation of dietary and socioeconomic characteristics of mothers to child growth in Sabon Gari local government area, Zaria, Nigeria." 2008.

163 Oladosu, Muyiwa. "Prospects for fertility decline in Nigeria: comparative analysis of the 1990 and 1999 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data." Prospects for fertility decline in high fertility countries , no. 46-47 (2007).

164 OlaOlorun, Funmilola Morinoye, and Taiwo Olubanke Lawoyin. "Health workers’ support for breastfeeding in Ibadan, Nigeria." Journal of Human Lactation 22, no. 2 (2006): 188-194.

165 Olisemeka, Chinwe, and Ahmed Salim. "Gender needs assessment for Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria." (2011) Columbia University Academic Commons.

166 Oluwadare, Christopher. "The social determinants of routine immunisation in Ekiti State of Nigeria." Studies on Ethno-Medicine 3, no. 1 (2009): 49-56.

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